code-for-a-living July 24, 2019

Making Sense of the Metadata: Clustering iv,000 Stack Overflow tags with BigQuery k-means

Felipe Hoffa, a Programmer Advocate for Google Deject, explains how he used BigQuery to organize Stack Overflow tags into interesting groups.

Avatar for Felipe Hoffa

How would you group more than than four,000 active Stack Overflow tags into meaningful groups? This is a perfect task for unsupervised learning and k-means clustering — and now yous can do all this inside BigQuery. Allow's find out how.

Visualizing a universe of amassed tags.

Felipe Hoffa  is a Programmer Advocate for Google Cloud. In this mail service he works with BigQuery  – Google'south serverless data warehouse – to run grand-means clustering over Stack Overflow's published dataset, which is refreshed and uploaded to Google'due south Cloud once a quarter. Y'all can check out more virtually working with Stack Overflow information and BigQuery here  and hither .

iv,000+ tags are a lot

These are the most agile Stack Overflow tags since 2018 — they're a lot. In this picture I only have 240 tags — how would you lot group and categorize 4,000+ of them? 

# Tags with >180 questions since 2018 SELECT tag, COUNT(*) questions FROM `fh-bigquery.stackoverflow_archive.201906_posts_questions`,   UNNEST(Divide(tags, '|')) tag WHERE creation_date > '2018-01-01' Group Past 1 HAVING questions>180 ORDER By 2 DESC
Top Stack Overflow tags by number of questions.

Hint: Co-occurring tags

Let's find tags that usually go together:

Co-occurring tags on Stack Overflow questions

These groupings make sense:

  • 'javascript' is related to 'html'.
  • 'python' is related to 'pandas'.
  • 'c#' is related to '.internet'.
  • 'typescript' is related to 'angular'.
  • etc…

And then I'll take these relationships and I'll save them on an auxiliary table — plus a percentage of how frequently a human relationship happens for each tag. 

CREATE OR REPLACE Table `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence` Every bit WITH data AS (   SELECT *    FROM `fh-bigquery.stackoverflow_archive.201906_posts_questions`   WHERE creation_date > '2018-01-01' ), active_tags AS (   SELECT tag, COUNT(*) c   FROM information, UNNEST(SPLIT(tags, '|')) tag   Grouping Past 1   HAVING c>180 )  SELECT *, questions/questions_tag1 percent FROM (     SELECT *, MAX(questions) OVER(Segmentation By tag1) questions_tag1     FROM (         SELECT tag1, tag2, COUNT(*) questions         FROM information, UNNEST(SPLIT(tags, '|')) tag1, UNNEST(Split(tags, '|')) tag2         WHERE tag1 IN (SELECT tag FROM active_tags)         AND tag2 IN (SELECT tag FROM active_tags)         Grouping BY i,2         HAVING questions>30     ) )

One-hot encoding

Now go ready for some SQL magic. BigQuery ML does a good chore of hot-encoding strings, just it doesn't handle arrays as I wish it did (stay tuned). So I'g going to create a cord start that will define all the columns where I want to find co-occurrence. Then I tin can use that string to get a huge table, with a i for every time a tag co-occurs with the main one at to the lowest degree certain % of time. Allow'southward see get-go a subset of these results:

What you see here is a co-occurrence matrix:

  • 'javascript' shows a relation to 'php', 'html', 'css', 'node.js', and 'jquery'.
  • 'android' shows a relation to 'coffee'.
  • 'machine-learning' shows a relation to 'python', but not the other mode around.
  • 'multi-threading' shows a relation to 'python', 'coffee', 'c#', and 'android`
  • 'unit-testing' a relation to virtually every column here, except to 'php', 'html', 'css', and 'jquery'.

You tin can reduce or augment the sensibility of these relations with the percent threshold: 

SELECT tag1  ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='javascript',1,aught)),0) Xjavascript ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='python',1,zip)),0 ) Xpython ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='coffee',i,null)),0) Xjava ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='c#',i,null)),0) XcH ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='android',1,cipher)),0) Xandroid ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='php',1,nothing)),0) Xphp ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='html',1,zippo)),0) Xhtml ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='css',one,null)),0) Xcss ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='node.js',1,zippo)),0) XnodeDjs ,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='jquery',one,null)),0) Xjquery ,SUM(questions) questions_tag1 FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence` WHERE percent>0.03 Group BY tag1 ORDER By questions_tag1 DESC  LIMIT 100

Grand-means clustering fourth dimension

Now — instead of using this pocket-sized table, let'south use the whole table to compute k-means with BigQuery. With this line, I'thou creating a ane-hot encoding string that I can use afterward to ascertain the four,000+ columns I'll use for k-means: 

one_hot_big = client.query("""
SELECT STRING_AGG(
                FORMAT("IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='%s',one,null)),0)X%s", tag2, REPLACE(Supercede(Replace(Supplant(tag2,'-','_'),'.','D'),'#','H'),'+','P'))                
) one_hot
FROM (
                SELECT tag2, SUM(questions) questions                
                FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`
                Group BY tag2
                # Gild By questions DESC
                # LIMIT 10
)
""").to_dataframe().iloc[0]['one_hot']

And grooming a k-ways model in BigQuery is really like shooting fish in a barrel: 

CREATE MODEL `deleting.kmeans_tagsubtag_50_big_a_01` OPTIONS (      model_type='kmeans',     distance_type='COSINE',     num_clusters=50 ) Equally WITH tag_and_subtags Equally (     SELECT tag1, %south     FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`     WHERE percent>0.03     GROUP Past tag1 ) SELECT * EXCEPT(tag1)  FROM tag_and_subtags

Now we await — while BigQuery shows the states the progress of our training:

And when it's done, we fifty-fifty get an evaluation of our model:

Davies–Bouldin alphabetize: 1.8530
Hateful squared altitude: 0.8174

Functioning note

Do nosotros really need 4,000 one-hot encoded dimensions to obtain improve clusters? Turns out that 500 are enough — and I like the results better. Information technology also reduces the time for training the model in BigQuery from 24 minutes to 3. The same with but 30 dimensions lowers the time to ninety seconds — but I like the results better with 500. More than on hyper-parameter tuning below.

500 i-hot encoded dimensions reduces fourth dimension per iteration to xxx seconds, and a lower loss.

Davies–Bouldin index: ane.6910
Mean squared distance: 0.52332

Go gear up for the results: The 50 clusters are…

Now it'southward time to run into our results. I'll even look out for some tags I'one thousand interested in: How are google,amazon, andazure represented in each cluster? These are the 50 groups that k-means clustering found — given the 1-hot encoding of related tags we did earlier in this postal service. Some results make a lot of sense — while others give peachy insight into what are the prevalent surrounding technologies to whatsoever Stack Overflow tag. Naming each centroid is always a challenge. Here I used the peak 5 centroid weight vectors — see how below.

centroid 45: amazon-web-services, aws-lambda, amazon-s3, amazon-ec2, python
—–
amazon-web-services, amazon-s3, aws-lambda, amazon-ec2, amazon-dynamodb, terraform, aws-sdk, amazon-cloudformation, amazon-redshift, aws-api-gateway, amazon-cognito, boto3, cloud, alexa, amazon-rds, amazon-elastic-beanstalk, amazon-ecs, alexa-skills-kit, amazon-cloudfront, serverless, aws-cli, amazon-iam, amazon-cloudwatch, elastic-beanstalk, amazon-sqs, serverless-framework, amazon-athena, aws-amplify, aws-appsync, amazon-sns, alexa-skill, amazon-route53, amazon, amazon-kinesis, amazon-sagemaker, autoscaling, amazon-elb, amazon-ses, aws-cognito, aws-iot, terraform-provider-aws, api-gateway, amazon-vpc, aws-serverless, aws-codepipeline, aws-codebuild, amazon-rds-aurora, bitnami, amazon-lex, aws-stride-functions, aws-code-deploy, aws-iam, aws-fargate, dynamodb-queries, boto

amazon: amazon-cognito, amazon-ses, amazon-redshift, aws-lambda, amazon-ecs, amazon-s3, amazon-web-services, amazon-athena, aws-api-gateway, amazon-rds, amazon, amazon-cloudfront, amazon-lex, aws-iot, amazon-elb, aws-code-deploy, amazon-cloudwatch, aws-cli

centroid 17: android, java, android-layout, android-recyclerview, kotlin
—–
android, json, xml, kotlin, android-studio, android-recyclerview, android-layout, android-fragments, xslt, serialization, android-intent, retrofit2, android-action, android-room, nullpointerexception, retrofit, gson, android-volley, textview, android-viewpager, xml-parsing, recycler-adapter, android-edittext, android-sqlite, protocol-buffers, xsd, deserialization, android-constraintlayout, android-asynctask, fragment, android-compages-components, android-livedata, imageview, scrollview, android-databinding, android-glide, android-animation, xquery, xslt-1.0, android-jetpack, android-manifest, navigation-drawer, adapter, bottomnavigationview, xslt-2.0, android-toolbar, onclicklistener, android-tablayout, android-cardview, android-spinner, android-adapter, picasso, android-linearlayout, transformation, android-drawable, android-architecture-navigation, android-imageview, android-custom-view, json-deserialization, android-view, android-actionbar, searchview, biztalk, android-coordinatorlayout, android-lifecycle, android-softkeyboard, floating-activity-button, recyclerview-layout, swipe, android-relativelayout, android-xml, android-collapsingtoolbarlayout, android-push, android-scrollview, saxon, android-nestedscrollview, android-styles, xml-namespaces, xsl-fo, android-fragmentactivity, android-dialogfragment, android-viewholder, xml-serialization

centroid 7: android, java, javascript, ios, python
—–
android-gradle, bluetooth, rx-java2, build.gradle, dependencies, rx-coffee, google-play, sdk, android-ndk, corda, video-streaming, android-emulator, libgdx, android-webview, apk, location, java-native-interface, google-play-services, dagger-2, adb, codenameone, android-8.0-oreo, google-places-api, android-notifications, android-studio-3.0, broadcastreceiver, spoken communication-recognition, arcore, sharedpreferences, streaming, gps, android-service, version, coordinates, androidx, native, sms, hither-api, android-photographic camera, android-permissions, uri, android-mediaplayer, locale, vert.10, exoplayer, google-maps-markers, settings, alarmmanager, spinner, proguard, okhttp3, text-to-oral communication, okhttp, updates, android-camera2, android-source, whatsapp, nfc, share, inputstream, google-fabric, xmpp, reckoner, manifest, wifi, mpandroidchart, android-9.0-pie, rx-android, phone call, android-workmanager, mp4, hls, video-processing, release, barcode, android-back up-library, alertdialog, android-viewmodel, dji-sdk, barcode-scanner, filepath, sip, google-cloud-messaging, gradle-plugin, android-arrayadapter, screen, payment, toolbar, google-play-console, dagger, mp3, indexoutofboundsexception, ejabberd, httpurlconnection, libraries, android-proguard, coroutine, h.264, simpledateformat, jacoco, background-process, rtsp, offline, root, sensor, splash-screen, android-bluetooth, android-testing, android-resources, android-television, emulation, android-bitmap, android-listview, multipart, chromecast, android-broadcastreceiver, video-capture, google-maps-android-api-2, pojo, android-sail, visibility, circulate, google-play-games, dao, kotlin-android-extensions, avd, lint, android-jobscheduler, android-library, kotlinx.coroutines, firebase-mlkit, expandablelistview, obfuscation, android-contentprovider, appcelerator, mvp, alive-streaming, in-app-billing, android-context, audio-streaming, standard arabic, android-alertdialog, kotlin-coroutines, zxing, android-videoview, fingerprint, braintree, audio-recording, deprecated, job-scheduling, android-wifi, wear-os, lesser-sheet, android-things, device, marker, right-to-left, google-login, mobile-application, media-histrion, countdowntimer, opengl-es-two.0, nullable, confront-detection, exoplayer2.x, android-viii.1-oreo, beacon, drawable, gradlew, mapbox-android, classnotfoundexception, parcelable, android-keystore, vocalisation-recognition, toast, aar, google-places, android-theme, android-progressbar, paging, accelerometer, playback, gradle-kotlin-dsl, samsung-mobile, photo, ibeacon, android-appcompat, noclassdeffounderror, branch.io, rtmp, sceneform, foreground-service, google-cast, appcelerator-titanium, android-widget, logcat, android-pendingintent, android-fileprovider, android-gps, sha1, jodatime, android-sensors, android-appbarlayout, surfaceview, mpeg-nuance, android-mvvm

google: google-maps-android-api-2, google-play-services, google-fabric, google-places, google-places-api, google-play-panel, google-cast, google-login, google-maps-markers, google-play-games, google-play, google-cloud-messaging

centroid 28: angular, typescript, javascript, angular6, angular5
—–
angular, typescript, angular6, angular5, rxjs, angular-material, angular7, service, observable, routing, angular-cli, components, angular-reactive-forms, karma-jasmine, primeng, ag-grid, angularfire2, angular-material2, ngrx, reactive-programming, httpclient, angular-ui-router, angular-routing, lazy-loading, rxjs6, ngfor, angular-forms, angular-httpclient, angular2-routing, athwart-components, angular-router, rx-swift, ng-bootstrap, angular2-forms, angular-universal, angular2-template, angular-services, athwart-directive, material, angular4-forms, ngx-bootstrap, typescript2.0, angular2-services, ngrx-store, subscription, rxjs5, angular2-directives, ngrx-effects, angular-material-6, angular-cli-v6, angular-http-interceptors, redux-observable, subscribe, angular-pipe, angular-promise, angular2-observables, reactivex, angular-ngmodel, angular-cdk, tsconfig

centroid 20: apache-spark, coffee, scala, hadoop, python
—–
apache-spark, scala, pyspark, apache-kafka, hadoop, apache-spark-sql, hive, cassandra, apache-flink, jupyter, hdfs, bigdata, playframework, spark-streaming, sbt, apache-nifi, hiveql, apache-kafka-streams, akka, hbase, pyspark-sql, mapreduce, kafka-consumer-api, rdd, spark-dataframe, amazon-emr, yarn, user-divers-functions, parquet, cassandra-3.0, cluster-computing, avro, databricks, apache-kafka-connect, aws-gum, spark-structured-streaming, flink-streaming, kerberos, apache-zookeeper, sqoop, confluent, presto, kafka-producer-api, impala, akka-stream, hadoop2, apache-spark-mllib, traits, apache-zeppelin, cloudera, datastax, apache-storm, distributed-calculating, akka-http, data-modeling, apache-spark-dataset, guice, google-cloud-dataproc, gatling, jmx, hortonworks-data-platform, apache-squealer, apache-spark-ml, oozie, azure-databricks, scalatest, cql, playframework-ii.6, datastax-enterprise, phoenix, confluent-schema-registry, mesos, implicit, implicit-conversion, ksql, scala-collections, spark-submit, hdinsight, ambari

google: google-cloud-dataproc
amazon: amazon-emr, aws-glue
azure: azure-databricks

centroid 12: bash, python, linux, shell, java
—–
macos, ubuntu, ansible, ssh, raspberry-pi, last, vim, raspberry-pi3, subprocess, environment-variables, centos, console, command-line-interface, pipe, arguments, jq, homebrew, iot, applescript, printf, escaping, sftp, windows-subsystem-for-linux, raspbian, exec, redhat, stdout, zsh, alias, wget, eval, paramiko, filenames, glob, command-line-arguments, stdin, remote-access, sudo, file-permissions, slurm, putty, gpio, tar, tmux, rsync, look, ksh, jsch, scp, ssh-tunnel, cat, portforwarding, openssh

centroid eight: c#, .net, asp.net-cadre, .net-core, java
—–
logging, exception, error-handling, azure-functions, reflection, configuration, azure-cosmosdb, f#, logstash, exception-handling, azure-web-sites, elastic-stack, azure-service-cloth, panel-application, try-catch, wix, azure-application-insights, nunit, core, autofac, xunit, dapper, nest, nhibernate, dotnet-httpclient, nlog, httpwebrequest, serilog, log4net, inversion-of-control, identity, unity-container, webclient, blazor, .internet-standard-2.0, arrangement.reactive, clr, type-inference, asp.cyberspace-core-signalr, asp.cyberspace-core-identity, app-config, masstransit, fluentd, google-cloud-stackdriver, winston, .net-framework-version, ninject, .net-cadre-2.0, claims-based-identity, syslog, kestrel-http-server

google: google-deject-stackdriver
azure: azure-cosmosdb, azure-spider web-sites, azure-functions, azure-application-insights, azure-service-material

centroid xviii: c#, asp.net, asp.net-mvc, asp.internet-core, entity-framework
—–
c#, asp.net, .net, asp.internet-mvc, asp.net-core, .cyberspace-core, entity-framework, linq, asp.net-spider web-api, model-view-controller, iis, entity-framework-core, dependency-injection, razor, asp.net-core-ii.0, asp.cyberspace-cadre-mvc, wcf, entity-framework-6, json.internet, kendo-ui, asp.net-core-webapi, webforms, asp.net-mvc-5, identityserver4, asp.net-identity, asp.cyberspace-spider web-api2, asp.net-core-2.one, asp.net-mvc-4, signalr, odata, kendo-filigree, automapper, c#-four.0, spider web-config, razor-pages, windows-services, moq, ado.internet, aspnetboilerplate, ef-lawmaking-outset, ef-cadre-two.0, asp.net-cadre-two.2, linq-to-sql, asp-classic, umbraco, ef-core-2.1, asp.net-ajax, ef-migrations, iis-eight, connection-cord, windows-authentication, linq-to-entities, repository-pattern, swashbuckle, npgsql, iis-7, dbcontext, hangfire, iis-x, iis-limited, model-bounden, ef-cadre-two.2, windows-server-2012, signalr-hub, iis-7.5, linq-to-xml

centroid x: c#, azure, python, java, javascript
—–
azure, botframework, azure-sql-database, bots, azure-storage, chatbot, timeout, azure-storage-blobs, written report, ssrs-2012, azure-data-manufactory, telegram-bot, azure-web-app-service, expression, azure-logic-apps, ibm-watson, refactoring, domain-driven-blueprint, azureservicebus, gzip, azure-resource-managing director, azure-iot-hub, twilio-api, azure-information-manufacturing plant-2, azure-data-lake, vpn, azure-virtual-machine, microsoft-teams, luis, string-formatting, game-physics, google-assistant-sdk, ssrs-2008, game-development, ads, mesh, windows-seven, virtual-reality, vuforia, microsoft-cognitive, azure-webjobs, azure-keyvault, azure-api-management, credentials, directx, facebook-messenger, collision-detection, arm-template, sprite, rdlc, game-engine, azure-search, azure-eventhub, physics, azure-hulk-storage, desktop-application, mill, software-blueprint, hololens, u-sql, installer, collision, azure-cli, reporting, google-home, azure-table-storage, azure-cognitive-services, unityscript, startup, azure-bot-service, mysql-connector, ienumerable, qnamaker, instantiation, builder, ssrs-tablix, azure-cosmosdb-sqlapi, azure-stream-analytics, quaternions, reportviewer, skype, azure-machine-learning-studio, azure-servicebus-queues, skype-for-business, ssrs-2008-r2, azure-virtual-network, win-universal-app, azure-log-analytics, unity5, csom, dialogflow-fulfillment

google: google-assistant-sdk, google-home
azure: azure-webjobs, azure-log-analytics, azure-virtual-automobile, azure-sql-database, azure-api-management, azure-iot-hub, azure-spider web-app-service, azure-data-manufacturing plant-2, azure-table-storage, azure-servicebus-queues, azure-bot-service, azure-virtual-network, azure-data-factory, azure-cognitive-services, azure-blob-storage, azure-storage-blobs, azure-logic-apps, azure-resource-director

centroid 44: c#, javascript, java, oauth-2.0, php
—–
api, hallmark, security, facebook, oauth-2.0, spring-security, cookies, jwt, azure-active-directory, cors, postman, microsoft-graph, login, oauth, microservices, agile-directory, ldap, jhipster, dominance, passport.js, keycloak, token, azure-ad-b2c, unmarried-sign-on, passwords, sharepoint-online, telegram, spring-security-oauth2, single-page-application, linkedin, google-signin, openid-connect, session-cookies, owin, csrf, auth0, google-oauth2, saml, admission-token, linkedin-api, laravel-passport, saml-ii.0, google-hallmark, xss, azure-powershell, adal, basic-authentication, azure-ad-graph-api, session-variables, msal, oidc, openid, express-session, bearer-token, logout, refresh-token

google: google-authentication, google-signin, google-oauth2
azure: azure-advertizing-graph-api, azure-active-directory, azure-powershell, azure-advertisement-b2c

centroid nineteen: c#, visual-studio, visual-studio-2017, .net, xamarin.forms
—–
visual-studio, xamarin, xamarin.forms, visual-studio-2017, xaml, uwp, azure-devops, xamarin.android, build, reporting-services, tfs, ssis, xamarin.ios, nuget, visual-studio-2015, msbuild, crystal-reports, windows-installer, nuget-packet, mono, cross-platform, azure-pipelines-release-pipeline, .cyberspace-standard, mvvmcross, visual-studio-2019, visual-studio-2010, c++-cli, visual-studio-2013, sql-server-data-tools, roslyn, resharper, publish, mstest, .net-associates, visual-studio-2012, azure-devops-rest-api, tfs2017, azure-pipelines-build-task, visual-studio-mac, tfs2018, tfsbuild, visual-studio-extensions, visual-studio-debugging, visual-studio-app-centre, csproj, tfs2015, vsix, azure-mobile-services, picker, tfvc, xamarin.uwp

azure: azure-devops, azure-devops-rest-api, azure-pipelines-release-pipeline, azure-mobile-services, azure-pipelines-build-job

centroid 36: c#, wpf, winforms, javascript, vb.net
—–
wpf, vb.net, winforms, user-interface, listview, charts, events, mvvm, datatable, checkbox, data-binding, datagridview, timer, sapui5, gridview, combobox, binding, drag-and-drop, menu, datagrid, knockout.js, popup, window, textbox, styles, treeview, listbox, telerik, uwp-xaml, devexpress, resource, vb6, user-controls, prism, viewmodel, controls, datetimepicker, webbrowser-control, cefsharp, console, contextmenu, windows-ten-universal, wpfdatagrid, windows-forms-designer, custom-controls, wpf-controls, richtextbox, clickonce, observablecollection, picturebox, mvvm-lite, gdi+, menuitem, backgroundworker

centroid 2: c++, c, python, linux, java
—–
c++, c, c++11, templates, assembly, cmake, gcc, memory, opengl, arduino, makefile, visual-c++, boost, c++17, lua, compiler-errors, x86, linux-kernel, memory-management, compilation, memory-leaks, operating-system, io, c++14, fortran, arm, series-port, cuda, char, language-lawyer, partition-fault, clang, linker, stack, gdb, garbage-drove, macros, stl, g++, kernel, embedded, byte, malloc, shared-libraries, out-of-memory, nodes, processing, usb, x86-64, stm32, double, cython, buffer, pthreads, mips, signals, operator-overloading, runtime, gtk, llvm, commuter, include, opengl-es, cygwin, operators, bit-manipulation, structure, overloading, nasm, precision, gnu-make, ros, gstreamer, mingw, const, variadic-templates, eigen, heap, gtk3, embedded-linux, esp8266, linux-device-driver, compiler-construction, warnings, cpu, cross-compiling, clion, qt-creator, profiling, ctypes, std, codeblocks, intel, return-value, organization, newline, sdl-two, microcontroller, system-calls, pass-by-reference, valgrind, heave-asio, reverse-engineering, dynamic-memory-allocation, motility, linker-errors, googletest, c-preprocessor, heap-memory, static-libraries, part-pointers, sdl, template-meta-programming, benchmarking, arduino-uno, libcurl, interrupt, vtk, x86-16, compiler-optimization, constants, stdvector, 64-bit, binaryfiles, bit, swig, quicksort, shared-retentiveness, eclipse-cdt, constexpr, primes, bitwise-operators, x11, shared-ptr, clang++, glfw, binary-search, header-files, singly-linked-list, arduino-esp8266, ld, i2c, principal, multiple-inheritance, gnu, smart-pointers, ram, simd, annunciation, esp32, preprocessor, elf, undefined-behavior, bison, qtquick2, sfinae, variadic-functions, mingw-w64, unique-ptr, avr, masm, free, typedef, doubly-linked-list, generic-programming, compiler-warnings, glibc, kernel-module, move-semantics, automobile, bootloader, c-strings, inline-associates, ncurses, mmap, stdmap, glm-math, qmake, scrap-shift, endianness, cpu-registers, template-specialization, pid, operator-precedence, retentivity-accost

google: googletest

centroid 24: css, html, javascript, bootstrap-4, angular
—–
html, css, jquery, html5, css3, bootstrap-4, twitter-bootstrap, flexbox, sass, datatables, highcharts, html-table, twitter-bootstrap-3, layout, frontend, datepicker, driblet-downwards-menu, css-grid, bootstrap-modal, momentjs, responsive-design, modal-dialog, dropdown, filigree, responsive, tabs, font-awesome, navbar, carousel, media-queries, themes, tooltip, alignment, overflow, less, css-position, react-bootstrap, edge, accordion, dt, css-transforms, angular-ui-bootstrap, nav, z-index, grid-layout, utc, reactstrap, vertical-alignment, pseudo-element, linear-gradients, mixins, collapse, popover, angular-datatables, athwart-flex-layout, centering

centroid 31: delphi, c++, c#, winapi, windows
—–
delphi, winapi, dll, mfc, com, firemonkey, firebird, c++architect, delphi-10.2-tokyo, pinvoke, pascal, indy

centroid 25: django, python, django-models, django-rest-framework, python-3.x
—–
django, django-models, django-rest-framework, django-views, django-forms, django-templates, django-admin, django-queryset, django-orm, django-urls, django-two.0, django-serializer, django-allauth, django-filter, django-class-based-views, django-migrations, serializer

centroid 34: docker, kubernetes, python, google-deject-platform, java
—–
docker, go, kubernetes, elasticsearch, google-cloud-platform, docker-etch, google-app-engine, dockerfile, deployment, rabbitmq, google-deject-storage, yaml, airflow, google-kubernetes-engine, containers, kibana, google-compute-engine, google-cloud-dataflow, drupal, virtual-auto, apache-beam, openshift, prometheus, ibm-cloud, grpc, docker-swarm, kubernetes-helm, grafana, gcloud, traefik, google-cloud-datastore, kubectl, load-balancing, google-deject-sql, kubernetes-ingress, monitoring, google-cloud-pubsub, istio, minikube, nginx-reverse-proxy, speech-to-text, tall, docker-auto, filebeat, google-translate, google-speech-api, iptables, stackdriver, docker-volume, docker-container, azure-aks, nginx-ingress, daemon, google-cloud-vision, google-vision, azure-kubernetes, google-cloud-composer, openshift-origin, kubeadm, dataflow, amazon-eks, service-accounts, rancher, docker-registry, docker-image, nfs, google-cloud-speech, kops, jupyterhub, rbac, google-cloud-endpoints, standard-sql, google-cloud-build, docker-networking

google: google-cloud-build, google-cloud-datastore, google-speech-api, google-cloud-dataflow, google-cloud-storage, google-cloud-platform, google-kubernetes-engine, google-cloud-sql, google-cloud-oral communication, google-compute-engine, google-cloud-composer, google-deject-endpoints, google-cloud-vision, google-vision, google-cloud-pubsub, google-translate, google-app-engine
amazon: amazon-eks
azure: azure-aks, azure-kubernetes

centroid 21: excel, vba, excel-vba, c#, python
—–
excel, vba, excel-vba, google-sheets, ms-access, excel-formula, powerbi, outlook, sharepoint, ms-word, admission-vba, office365, apache-poi, sap, dax, formatting, pivot-table, office-js, runtime-error, friction match, powerpoint, outlook-vba, formula, access, row, vsto, ssas, multiple-columns, powerquery, spreadsheet, vlookup, boilerplate, extract, userform, unique, ms-office, excel-2010, give-and-take-vba, ms-access-2010, excel-2016, rows, ms-access-2016, onedrive, openxml, powerbi-desktop, copy-paste, transpose, provisional-formatting, role-addins, office-interop, epplus, xlsxwriter, interop, phpspreadsheet, paste, shapes, offset, powerpivot, win32com, powerbi-embedded, export-to-excel, python-docx, countif, array-formulas, autofill, powerpoint-vba, activex, ms-access-2013, solver, m, business-intelligence, xls, ado, ssas-tabular, adodb, xlrd, delete-row, sumifs, openxml-sdk, excel-interop, add together-in, excel-2013, worksheet, excel-addins

google: google-sheets

centroid 4: git, github, jenkins, python, docker
—–
git, jenkins, github, jenkins-pipeline, gitlab, continuous-integration, sonarqube, bitbucket, jenkins-plugins, gitlab-ci, devops, azure-pipelines, svn, version-control, phpstorm, webhooks, repository, travis-ci, jekyll, artifactory, atom-editor, jira, pipeline, github-pages, teamcity, slack, push, gitlab-ci-runner, git-fustigate, github-api, continuous-deployment, branch, nexus, circleci, workflow, git-merge, diff, jenkins-swell, clone, git-submodules, gitignore, atlassian-sourcetree, pull-request, bitbucket-pipelines, patch, commit, git-co-operative, versioning, mercurial, gnupg, git-commit, gerrit, rebase, open-source, githooks, allure, ssh-keys, git-push

azure: azure-pipelines

centroid 33: coffee, hibernate, leap, spring-boot, jpa
—–
hibernate, jpa, spring-data-jpa, jump-information, solr, orm, transactions, bound-batch, wildfly, mapping, many-to-many, lucene, h2, entity, liquibase, jpql, ejb, hql, multi-tenant, persistence, spring-data-rest, hibernate-mapping, eclipselink, querydsl, one-to-many, spring-transactions, hikaricp, criteria, hibernate-criteria, gorm, ehcache, jpa-2.0, criteria-api, entitymanager, transactional

centroid 39: java, python, c#, node.js, android
—–
http, ssl, sockets, curl, server, networking, websocket, encryption, https, socket.io, proxy, openssl, tcp, ssl-certificate, cryptography, http-headers, certificate, localhost, udp, mqtt, connexion, client, ip, reverse-proxy, network-programming, aes, rsa, port, tls1.2, chat, client-server, lets-encrypt, cloudflare, haproxy, real-time, virtualhost, wireshark, keystore, ipc, x509certificate, zeromq, bouncycastle, django-channels, tcpclient, http-proxy, serversocket, telnet, cryptojs, public-central-encryption, private-cardinal, tcp-ip, x509, client-certificates, certbot, tor, multicast

centroid 30: java, rest, spring, leap-kicking, javascript
—–
java, spring-boot, spring, rest, maven, eclipse, bound-mvc, tomcat, jsp, jdbc, spider web-services, soap, servlets, swagger, jackson, java-ee, thymeleaf, netbeans, web-applications, apache-camel, architecture, salesforce, spring-webflux, jersey, httprequest, jax-rs, wsdl, http-mail, multipartform-data, tomcat8, soapui, response, resttemplate, cxf, httpresponse, rest-assured, api-design, struts2, lather-client, jstl, restsharp, spring-rest, spring-test, spring-restcontroller, jax-ws, put, endpoint, http-status-codes, struts, spring-web

centroid 22: coffee, leap-kicking, spring, maven, eclipse
—–
gradle, intellij-idea, neo4j, jsf, jar, grails, jboss, spring-cloud, bound-integration, jaxb, internationalization, log4j, eclipse-plugin, swagger-ui, jms, websphere, pismire, activemq, vaadin, spring-kafka, pom.xml, log4j2, project-reactor, weblogic, java-11, netty, jetty, maven-3, javamail, grime, java-9, spring-deject-stream, couchbase, ibm-mq, weblogic12c, datasource, glassfish, hazelcast, logback, osgi, hybris, openapi, project, maven-plugin, netflix-eureka, mybatis, cloudfoundry, reactive, eclipse-rcp, swagger-2.0, slf4j, netflix-zuul, quartz-scheduler, jetbrains-ide, spring-boot-actuator, lombok, spring-jdbc, sonarqube-scan, state of war, cdi, javabeans, tomcat7, interceptor, swt, java-ten, freemarker, bound-kick-test, aop, jdbctemplate, dependency-management, spring-cloud-config, aspectj, leap-aop, flyway, amqp, classpath, leap-jms, jackson-databind, spring-cloud-dataflow, spring-websocket, leap-amqp, pivotal-cloud-foundry, spring-cloud-netflix, cucumber-jvm, executable-jar, spring-integration-dsl, swagger-codegen, tomcat9, spring-data-redis, javadoc, jndi, consul, intellij-plugin, dto, maven-surefire-plugin, hystrix, stomp, edible bean-validation, gateway, mapstruct, birt, jump-tool-suite, properties-file, jackson2, camunda, springfox, spring-data-neo4j, jump-rabbitmq, leap-session, pydev, xtext, servlet-filters, payara, code-formatting, spring-deject-gateway

google: google-maps

centroid fifteen: javascript, athwart, android, typescript, visual-studio-code
—–
ionic-framework, npm, visual-studio-code, ionic3, google-maps, cordova, debugging, electron, nativescript, ionic4, ionic2, falling star, autocomplete, geolocation, cordova-plugins, markdown, vscode-settings, phonegap, ide, webstorm, vscode-extensions, decorator, editor, ionic-native, onesignal, keyboard-shortcuts, angular2-nativescript, xdebug, hybrid-mobile-app, intellisense, nativescript-angular, tslint, remote-debugging, html-framework-7, breakpoints, syntax-highlighting, vscode-debugger, pylint, ibm-mobilefirst, jsdoc, nativescript-vue, prettier, windbg, phonegap-plugins, lawmaking-snippets, inappbrowser, phonegap-build

centroid 42: javascript, html, c#, android, python
—–
unity3d, image, tkinter, svg, blitheness, sail, iii.js, nautical chart.js, scroll, 3d, html5-canvas, camera, geometry, css-animations, bitmap, rotation, aframe, icons, glsl, shader, fabricjs, rendering, webgl, css-transitions, transform, png, scrollbar, transition, textures, blender, html2canvas, drawing, mask, linechart, draw, jquery-animate, athwart-animations, konvajs, raycasting, webvr

centroid 43: javascript, html, jquery, css, reactjs
—–
d3.js, leaflet, google-maps-api-3, magento, magento2, ethereum, jquery-ui, cakephp, jinja2, primefaces, extjs, ember.js, fullcalendar, maps, ckeditor, mapbox, solidity, materialize, jquery-select2, dialog, angularjs-directive, recaptcha, openlayers, coldfusion, polymer, gis, react-apollo, styled-components, tinymce, progress-bar, geojson, javascript-events, position, apollo-customer, undefined, addeventlistener, sharepoint-2013, semantic-ui, amcharts, web-deployment, joomla, settimeout, return, p5.js, openstreetmap, element, instagram-api, parent-child, liquid, mapbox-gl-js, focus, angularjs-ng-repeat, setinterval, react-admin, alert, polygon, dom-events, web-component, textarea, react-select, href, web3, contact-form-7, zoom, facebook-javascript-sdk, refresh, graphql-js, overlay, height, slick, content-security-policy, jqgrid, html5-sound, delay, ballast, blogger, html-select, child-process, jquery-plugins, width, html-lists, kendo-asp.net-mvc, loading, zurb-foundation, id, bind, whitespace, dropzone.js, onchange, semantic-ui-react, owl-carousel, media, video.js, hibernate, netlify, background-colour, sticky, geocoding, native-base, webpage, inline, tampermonkey, slick.js, course-information, padding, ternary-operator, issue-listener, facebook-messenger-bot, underscore.js, formik, jquery-validate, quill, dc.js, highlight, react-table, electron-architect, bulma, jquery-selectors, fullscreen, multi-select, innerhtml, slideshow, parallax, draggable, footer, styling, react-component, jquery-mobile, selector, swiper, infinite-scroll, contenteditable, sidebar, jquery-ui-datepicker, mobx-react, form-submit, shadow-dom, backbone.js, each, margin, html-form, mathjax, jquery-ui-autocomplete, viewport, c3.js, adsense, sweetalert2, web-development-server, keypress, jquery-ui-sortable, facebook-php-sdk, sweetalert, center, font-awesome-five, react-proptypes, placeholder, summernote, font-face, react-context, web-frontend, ref, css-float, parent, wysiwyg, getelementbyid, font-size, higher-order-functions, lifecycle, dropzone, fractional-views, asyncstorage, wai-aria, spfx, custom-chemical element, jstree, bootstrap-datepicker, line-breaks, react-dom, fancybox, css-tables, stylesheet, react-google-maps, react-leaflet, timepicker, option, facebook-marketing-api, gsap, crossfilter, draftjs, directive, fixed, show-hide

google: react-google-maps, google-maps-api-3

centroid 1: javascript, python, html, java, android
—–
wordpress, woocommerce, javafx, swing, google-bigquery, button, google-api, video, google-analytics, plugins, kivy, youtube, onclick, agenda, dynamics-crm, youtube-api, widget, background, slider, radio-button, event-treatment, save, amp-html, pinch, google-tag-director, javafx-8, click, hover, fxml, analytics, display, firebase-analytics, mouseevent, resize, background-image, size, listener, google-analytics-api, cross-domain, toggle, jpeg, google-data-studio, google-adwords, rgb, submit, gif, pixel, ingather, gallery, tiff, thumbnails, prototype-resizing, exif, user-feel, src, pillow

google: google-adwords, google-bigquery, google-api, google-tag-manager, google-data-studio, google-analytics-api, google-analytics

centroid 26: javascript, reactjs, node.js, typescript, react-native
—–
javascript, node.js, reactjs, firebase, react-native, flutter, firebase-realtime-database, webpack, dart, redux, google-cloud-firestore, ecmascript-vi, react-redux, firebase-authentication, google-deject-functions, jestjs, promise, async-await, react-router, firebase-cloud-messaging, import, push-notification, dialogflow, material-ui, module, react-navigation, react-native-android, expo, fetch, gulp, mocha, firebase-storage, actions-on-google, create-react-app, enzyme, material-design, jsx, palpitate-layout, lodash, boom-boom, navigation, es6-promise, node-modules, apollo, state, npm-install, babeljs, eslint, gatsby, react-native-ios, javascript-objects, react-router-v4, adjacent.js, yarnpkg, webpack-4, react-hooks, redux-course, prestashop, firebase-security-rules, flowtype, react-router-dom, typescript-typings, webpack-dev-server, antd, redux-saga, redux-thunk, router, package.json, react-native-flatlist, firebase-admin, react-props, react-native-navigation, mobx, firebaseui, es6-modules, firebase-hosting, aurelia, pm2, immutability, serverside-rendering, action, setstate, gruntjs, requirejs, ecmascript-five, flutter-dependencies, ssr, react-native-firebase, angular-dart, es6-class, crave, laravel-mix, arrow-functions, react-native-maps, npm-scripts, flutter-animation, workbox, firebase-cli, destructuring, babel-loader, immutable.js, minify, browserify, node-sass, nodemon, firebase-security, angularfire, reducers, loader, bower

google: google-deject-functions, actions-on-google, google-cloud-firestore

centroid 13: javascript, selenium, google-chrome, html, selenium-webdriver
—–
selenium, google-chrome, selenium-webdriver, xpath, dom, google-chrome-extension, firefox, caching, automation, iframe, selenium-chromedriver, mobile, browser, internet-explorer, safari, webdriver, css-selectors, google-chrome-devtools, webrtc, progressive-web-apps, service-worker, local-storage, internet-explorer-eleven, html5-video, microsoft-edge, ignite, phantomjs, chromium, cross-browser, webdriverwait, capybara, screenshot, cpu-architecture, mobile-safari, firefox-addon, webkit, geckodriver, firefox-webextensions, google-chrome-headless, browser-enshroud, webdriver-io, v8, specflow, selenium-grid, html-agility-pack, memcached, guava, devtools, cucumber-coffee, headless, domdocument, extentreports, selenium-ide, watir, cache-control, google-chrome-app, browser-automation, rselenium, mozilla

google: google-chrome, google-chrome-headless, google-chrome-devtools, google-chrome-app, google-chrome-extension

centroid six: javascript, vue.js, vuejs2, vuex, webpack
—–
vue.js, express, vuejs2, axios, vue-component, vuex, vuetify.js, xmlhttprequest, vue-router, nuxt.js, fetch-api, vue-cli, vue-cli-three, shop, nuxt, bootstrap-vue, vue-test-utils, element-ui, vee-validate

centroid 40: mongodb, node.js, javascript, python, limited
—–
mongodb, qt, mongoose, graphql, pyqt5, pyqt, mongodb-query, aggregation-framework, discord, qml, qt5, nosql, discord.js, discord.py, aggregate, ejs, handlebars.js, pymongo, backend, schema, mongoose-schema, hateful-stack, sails.js, pug, nestjs, loopbackjs, pyqt4, spring-data-mongodb, multer, geospatial, hateful, fs, aggregation, lookup, loopback, apollo-server, parse-server, pyside2, bcrypt, mongodb-.cyberspace-driver, document, pyside, qt-designer, mongoengine, body-parser, discord.py-rewrite, projection, mern, mongoose-populate, qthread, mlab, joi, passport-local, pyqtgraph, bson, sharding, express-handlebars

centroid 5: multithreading, java, python, concurrency, c++
—–
multithreading, asynchronous, parallel-processing, concurrency, multiprocessing, callback, queue, celery, jvm, task, python-asyncio, synchronization, dask, python-multiprocessing, thread-condom, locking, mpi, openmp, singleton, pickle, python-multithreading, opencl, future, threadpool, mutex, task-parallel-library, tornado, deadlock, aiohttp, diminutive, await, executorservice, semaphore, completable-hereafter, handler, goroutine, aqueduct, race-condition, volatile, puddle, runnable, java-threads, synchronous, async.js, producer-consumer, synchronized, java.util.concurrent, blocking

centroid eleven: oracle, sql, plsql, oracle11g, database
—–
oracle, plsql, stored-procedures, oracle11g, triggers, db2, oracle12c, sql-server-2014, oracle-sqldeveloper, oracle-apex, cursor, database-trigger, apex, oracle10g, sqlplus, oracle-apex-v.1, procedure, dynamic-sql, cx-oracle, oracle-adf, oracleforms, hierarchical-data, plsqldeveloper, oracle-apex-5

centroid 38: pdf, html, python, php, c#
—–
pdf, merge, webview, printing, fonts, r-markdown, download, base64, puppeteer, itext, hyperlink, latex, consign, blob, imagemagick, ocr, pdf-generation, adobe, jspdf, pdfbox, itext7, embed, docx, digital-signature, wkhtmltopdf, fpdf, mpdf, tcpdf, dompdf, ghostscript, acrobat, pypdf2, reportlab

centroid 9: php, laravel, laravel-5, mysql, javascript
—–
php, laravel, ajax, laravel-5, codeigniter, validation, eloquent, session, file-upload, model, pagination, codeigniter-three, laravel-five.half-dozen, controller, laravel-5.5, migration, upload, laravel-5.vii, laravel-blade, laravel-5.4, relational-database, laravel-five.2, php-7, relationship, lumen, middleware, php-vii.2, octobercms, guzzle, image-uploading, laravel-5.8, algolia, query-builder, phpexcel, jobs, laravel-query-builder, laravel-5.3, roles, artisan, laravel-nova, php-carbon, laravel-4, laravel-5.1, homestead, pusher, laravel-eloquent, bract, laravel-routing, laravel-dusk, relation, shared-hosting, eager-loading

centroid 47: php, wordpress, javascript, woocommerce, python
—–
google-apps-script, email, notifications, google-bulldoze-api, paypal, stripe-payments, gmail, smtp, attributes, wordpress-theming, google-calendar-api, google-visualization, google-oauth, google-sheets-api, product, phpmailer, youtube-data-api, advanced-custom-fields, gmail-api, hook-woocommerce, outlook-addin, metadata, google-sheets-formula, cart, html-email, google-app-maker, hook, exchangewebservices, payment-gateway, custom-mail-type, substitution-server, checkout, e-commerce, sendgrid, field, content-management-organisation, nodemailer, categories, gsuite, google-grade, admin, mailchimp, comments, spider web-hosting, outlook-web-addins, orders, wordpress-rest-api, customization, imap, google-docs, rss, custom-wordpress-pages, custom-taxonomy, shortcode, outlook-restapi, email-attachments, google-sheets-query, mailgun, google-api-php-client, woocommerce-residuum-api, wordpress-gutenberg, google-apis-explorer, attachment, gmail-addons, price, sendmail, icalendar, blogs, registration, custom-fields, multisite, google-admin-sdk, shipping, gravity-forms-plugin, google-api-customer, archive, pagespeed, smtplib, mime, meta, google-api-nodejs-customer, contact-course, taxonomy, google-api-python-client, account, stock

google: google-sheets-api, google-docs, google-oauth, google-apps-script, google-sheets-query, google-sheets-formula, google-api-php-customer, google-api-nodejs-customer, google-visualization, google-admin-sdk, google-calendar-api, google-apis-explorer, google-api-python-client, google-class, google-app-maker, google-api-client, google-drive-api

centroid 23: postgresql, sql, python, javascript, mysql
—–
sqlite, flask, sqlalchemy, hyperledger-material, odoo, hyperledger, elixir, blockchain, hyperledger-composer, flask-sqlalchemy, sequence, couchdb, psycopg2, psql, postgis, pyodbc, knex.js, plpgsql, jsonb, jooq, typeorm, postgresql-9.5, ecto, postgresql-10, marshalling, connection-pooling, postgresql-ix.half-dozen, database-replication, unmarshalling, pgadmin-4, pgadmin, recursive-query, postgresql-ix.4, crosstab, become-gorm, database-backups, postgresql-9.3, rds, heroku-postgres

centroid 35: python, java, c++, c#, windows
—–
windows, powershell, batch-file, ffmpeg, audio, cmd, windows-10, path, stream, directory, process, vbscript, prolog, ftp, time-complexity, copy, command, zip, file-io, ocaml, scheduled-tasks, storage, big-o, binary-search-tree, registry, scheme, binary-tree, text-files, dynamic-programming, rename, exe, echo, command-prompt, hashtable, powershell-v3.0, filereader, batch-processing, wmi, stack-overflow, file-handling, windows-server-2016, windows-server-2012-r2, bufferedreader, taskscheduler, fstream, hyper-five, readfile, depth-first-search, fibonacci, ifstream, backtracking

centroid 3: python, java, javascript, arrays, c#
—–
arrays, cord, list, office, loops, csv, algorithm, lexicon, performance, for-loop, file, sorting, form, object, if-statement, oop, haskell, recursion, pointers, variables, generics, java-8, matrix, rust, filter, optimization, indexing, math, lambda, arraylist, inheritance, input, multidimensional-assortment, search, random, vector, data-structures, time, struct, types, methods, while-loop, foreach, blueprint-patterns, dynamic, functional-programming, collections, java-stream, sas, parameters, enums, nested, interface, constructor, linked-list, syntax, casting, tree, hashmap, binary, properties, scope, reference, type-conversion, floating-indicate, iterator, null, tuples, static, format, ready, conditional, iteration, range, switch-statement, return, append, numbers, boolean, output, int, concatenation, polymorphism, hex, compare, initialization, namespaces, integer, blueprint-matching, grouping, logic, central, filtering, parameter-passing, list-comprehension, apply, subset, global-variables, slice, vectorization, conditional-statements, combinations, scanf, java.util.scanner, character, lapply, comparison, this, second, override, counter, numpy-ndarray, permutation, user-input, rounding, nested-loops, abstract-course, instance, reduce, prototype, itertools, global, opposite, bracket, comparator, key-value, increment, min, infinite-loop, contains, do-while, associative-array, mergesort, abstract, indexof, break, chimera-sort

centroid 48: python, java, javascript, r, php
—–
typo3, wso2, clojure, sublimetext3, drupal-viii, acumatica, jframe, docusignapi, teradata, emacs, netsuite, karate, verilog, jasper-reports, marklogic, sparql, vhdl, sympy, autodesk-forge, knitr, erlang, yocto, tcl, odoo-xi, cakephp-iii.0, mule, phoenix-framework, drupal-seven, integration, dissonance, netlogo, autohotkey, uml, drools, node-cherry, stata, magento-1.9, common-lisp, aem, opencart, abap, line, python-sphinx, jtable, yii, pentaho, wagtail, coq, regex-lookarounds, slack-api, bioinformatics, openstack, perl6, antlr4, awt, rcpp, upgrade, tweepy, jpanel, macos-high-sierra, documentation, jsonschema, actionscript-3, vmware, wildcard, microsoft-dynamics, prestashop-ane.seven, typo3-viii.x, zend-framework, lisp, gwt, elasticsearch-v, distance, smartcontracts, talend, wso2-am, slim, sfml, message-queue, figurer-science, scenebuilder, yii2-advanced-app, rdf, inno-setup, fpga, flask-wtforms, bitcoin, clipboard, special-characters, unreal-engine4, hana, preg-replace, gdal, flash, nginx-config, wso2esb, arrangement-verilog, arangodb, wso2is, netbeans-8, uuid, graphviz, liferay, omnet++, spatial, encode, powershell-v4.0, paypal-sandbox, http2, dynamics-365, local, ip-address, servicestack, hdf5, firewall, kdb, executable, linear-programming, add, orientdb, angularjs-scope, cplex, pymysql, xpages, phaser-framework, maya, powershell-v2.0, nginx-location, adfs, limit, abstruse-syntax-tree, variable-assignment, elementtree, wav, mouse, splunk, asterisk, pandoc, publish-subscribe, simulink, webassembly, packages, complexity-theory, ansible-two.x, python-decorators, preg-match, regex-negation, minecraft, spotfire, nested-lists, pcre, gfortran, percentage, matching, monads, jbutton, gsub, numba, sitecore, watson-chat, dropwizard, edit, frequency, vulkan, cdn, mime-types, wrapper, php-curl, jersey-2.0, scapy, converters, zapier, attributeerror, elm, console.log, web3js, kentico, moodle, intervals, anylogic, multilingual, logical-operators, glm, vlc, owl, autodesk-viewer, dojo, z3, arcgis, classloader, pyomo, sybase, antlr, md5, indexeddb, powerapps, data-conversion, http-condition-lawmaking-403, web-worker, external, alfresco, airflow-scheduler, finance, typo3-9.ten, cpu-usage, pouchdb, ibm-midrange, ping, truffle, qemu, dask-distributed, selection, apache-httpclient-4.x, jsonpath, sha256, coding-manner, polymer-2.x, zipfile, vps, symbols, mediawiki, adding, okta, smarty, blueprism, netcdf, zend-framework3, genetic-algorithm, snmp, repeat, plesk, signature, doxygen, qgis, dlib, jena, ckeditor4.x, tortoisesvn, face-recognition, message, number-formatting, dropbox, lm, default, spss, perforce, assert, uart, acl, symlink, suitescript2.0, kendo-ui-angular2, getter-setter, jira-residual-api, crm, sleep, indentation, prompt, analysis, lme4, ironpython, latitude-longitude, grammar, dotnetnuke, cqrs, gaussian, regex-greedy, koa, yum, numerical-methods, haskell-stack, scala-cats, hugo, rpc, priority-queue, openldap, popen, shapefile, var, sectionalisation, record, combinatorics, ada, nio, pentaho-data-integration, appium-ios, scheduling, pyautogui, snakemake, production-surround, lwjgl, computational-geometry, scaling, tabulator, lifetime, naming-conventions, jsf-2, lotus-notes, javac, numeric, odoo-8, modeling, salesforce-lightning, silverstripe, bookdown, websphere-freedom, virtualization, wxwidgets, ramda.js, hapijs, reload, marklogic-ix, snapshot, hierarchy, server-side, cakephp-3.x, prestashop-1.vi, schedule, unix-timestamp, difference, ontology, readline, configuration-files, opendaylight, block, wolfram-mathematica, rpm, logstash-grok, currency, mount, remote-server, destructor, nsis, captcha, feathersjs, code-generation, hardware, django-2.1, suitescript, typoscript, jython, trim, distributed-organisation, zabbix, vaadin8, nodemcu, magento2.ii, string-matching, shuffle, ckeditor5, mixed-models, fedora, ipv6, new-operator, ember-data, llvm-clang, leave, webcam, str-replace, large-data, simplexml, rules, elasticsearch-aggregation, rhel, dsl, ethernet, event-sourcing, vimeo, hashset, date-formatting, zlib, standards, bamboo, converter, liferay-seven, file-get-contents, solrcloud, servicenow, logstash-configuration, xhtml, virtual, pywin32, equals, intersection, micronaut, product, cs50, fopen, elasticsearch-half dozen, lazy-evaluation, server-sent-events, extbase, translate, python-module, tabular, libreoffice, sml, private, apostrophe-cms, tostring, bitbake, actionlistener, restore, activiti, mypy, opencart-3, janusgraph, rank, multiplication, keyword, archlinux, optaplanner, imagick, informix, flex-lexer, photoshop, pyaudio, openlayers-iii, reset, spotter, umbraco7, messaging, lotus-domino, fiddler, interactive, jlabel, folium, bigcommerce, transparency, nullreferenceexception, operator-keyword, tracking, keyboard-events, twitter-oauth, static-methods, polymer-3.x, prisma, mule-esb, cord-comparing, counting, layout-manager, gherkin, inner-classes, docker-for-windows, checksum, imagemagick-catechumen, connect, php-7.1, sublimetext, wso2carbon, python-telegram-bot, react-native-router-flux, desktop, paypal-rest-sdk, php-v.6, division, typeclass, identityserver3, mapbox-gl, wix-react-native-navigation, sample, point-clouds, web-audio, vertica, coffee-fourth dimension, mosquitto, dllimport, dump, covariance, cytoscape.js, cgal, r-package, installshield, eigen3, betoken-cloud-library, ngx-datatable, sampling, vapor, clojurescript, car-increase, overlap, ibm-cloud-infrastructure, echarts, web-audio-api, hp-uft, office365api, ngx-translate, shortcut, paho, ember-cli, rfid, applet, bandy, predicate, host, detox, cas, jsf-ii.2, trigonometry, sandbox, beagleboneblack, filestream, numpy-broadcasting, xsd-validation, fgets, ghc, serenity-bdd, spi, duration, jna, unzip, fiware, rhel7, long-integer, pentaho-spoon, cpython, crystal-lang, exclamation, string-concatenation, compatibility, coffee-module, fluid, meta-tags, wildfly-x, hashicorp-vault, apache-karaf, roblox, gurobi, install4j, evolution-environment, static-analysis, ffi, h5py, django-authentication, urlencode, directx-eleven, salt-stack, r-raster, pseudocode, hsqldb, django-celery, fatal-fault, pywinauto, peewee, p2p, tinymce-4, mysql-v.seven, openlayers-5, vis.js, palindrome, angular-template, resteasy, kable, quickbooks, monaco-editor, rdp, solrj, file-transfer, linguistic communication-doubter, mustache, java-7, naudio, velocity, wikidata, copy-constructor, countdown, wtforms, montecarlo, wso2ei, sitemap, stringbuilder, geoserver, joomla3.0, symbolic-math, bytecode, high-availability, sharepoint-2010, assign, semantic-spider web, rtf, vmware-clarity, odoo-12, informatica, volume, jit, monogame, super, eof, syncfusion, rust-cargo, dataweave, stack-trace, browser-sync, arduino-ide, blogdown, communication, rider, favicon, make full, processbuilder, biginteger, labview, resampling, normal-distribution, linear, angular4-router, hierarchical-clustering, elevate, modbus, diagram, discussion, org-fashion, admin-on-balance, equation, webrequest, tinkerpop3, restful-authentication, lib, tizen, user-agent, survival-analysis, point, fragment-shader, tableau-server, ansible-inventory, delete-file, code-injection, clickhouse, text-editor, kettle, angularjs-textile, date-range, rpy2, complex-numbers, graphene-python, coded-ui-tests, midi, programming-languages, web-push, pine-script, equality, holoviews, sapply, quotes, jtextfield, emscripten, sas-macro, athwart-http, varnish, phalcon, typing, freeze, opentok, password-protection, anonymous-role, resolution, remote-desktop, cryptocurrency, hpc, default-value, tsc, multiline, chromium-embedded, treemap, substitution, arm64, shutil, supervisord, at-control, interpreter, bundle, google-search, dynamics-crm-online, tin-omnibus, neo4j-apoc, ranking, httpserver, gsm, freebsd, centos6, yield, c++-winrt, fread, anypoint-studio, jboss7.x, type-hinting, wixcode, epoch, uninstall, autoit, smartcard, wikipedia, angular-service-worker, cosine-similarity, protege, schema.org, typescript-generics, dropbox-api, verification, composition, windows-server, using, hmac, dry out, ag-grid-angular, median, messenger, rethinkdb, thingsboard, xilinx, named-pipes, office-ui-fabric, dynamics-crm-365, heroku-cli, date-format, imputation, jfreechart, wiremock, packaging, outliers, target, typo3-7.half dozen.ten, ngrok, inspect, models, jboss-eap-seven, moving-average, 32bit-64bit, strapi, views, silverstripe-4, rasa-core, content-type, issue-loop, textinput, smoothing, surface, explode, getusermedia, 7zip, confidence-interval, sentry, freertos, zend-framework2, circular-dependency, qliksense, repeater, cjk, clock, django-testing, pic, csrf-protection, shopping-cart, encapsulation, paypal-ipn, json-ld, cobol, central-bindings, relative-path, hashcode, thrift, bing-maps, localdate, dicom, netezza

google: google-search

centroid 37: python, machine-learning, tensorflow, python-3.x, keras
—–
tensorflow, numpy, keras, machine-learning, opencv, matlab, deep-learning, scikit-learn, image-processing, neural-network, scipy, nlp, pytorch, figurer-vision, conv-neural-network, lstm, data-scientific discipline, regression, classification, dataset, gpu, nltk, google-colaboratory, linear-regression, artificial-intelligence, object-detection, cluster-assay, generator, spacy, interpolation, logistic-regression, svm, data-analysis, tesseract, random-forest, tensorflow-datasets, bazel, indicate-processing, recurrent-neural-network, opencv3.0, fft, tensorboard, gensim, sparse-matrix, word2vec, cv2, h2o, cross-validation, tensor, caffe, xgboost, reshape, reinforcement-learning, stanford-nlp, linear-algebra, k-ways, tensorflow-estimator, prediction, rnn, keras-layer, pca, probability, curve-plumbing equipment, conclusion-tree, text-mining, tensorflow-serving, loss-function, object-detection-api, google-cloud-ml, metrics, mathematical-optimization, prototype-segmentation, matrix-multiplication, autoencoder, tensorflow-calorie-free, r-caret, text-classification, sentiment-assay, scikit-image, convolution, training-information, categorical-data, tensorflow.js, knn, mnist, valueerror, sklearn-pandas, gradient-descent, weka, yolo, python-tesseract, word-embedding, feature-extraction, tokenize, emgucv, feature-option, predict, coreml, similarity, normalization, one-hot-encoding, backpropagation, convolutional-neural-network, ode, lda, tf-idf, openai-gym, image-recognition, theano, naivebayes, rasa-nlu, detection, filigree-search, information-mining, differential-equations, layer, torch, roc, mxnet, camera-scale, topic-modeling, cudnn, kaggle, defoliation-matrix, tensorflow2.0, doc2vec, distributed, embedding, tfrecord, recommendation-engine, multilabel-classification, ner

google: google-colaboratory, google-deject-ml

centroid 46: python, php, apache, python-three.10, ubuntu
—–
apache, nginx, .htaccess, web, url, pip, anaconda, redirect, pycharm, dns, ubuntu-xvi.04, permissions, url-rewriting, bundle, modernistic-rewrite, installation, conda, centos7, ubuntu-18.04, debian, virtualenv, python-import, install, apache2, url-redirection, vagrant, webserver, virtualbox, cpanel, gunicorn, digital-body of water, http-condition-code-404, config, hosting, subdomain, systemd, uwsgi, wamp, nvidia, setuptools, ubuntu-14.04, mod-wsgi, pipenv, url-routing, mamp, httpd.conf, environment, query-string, seo, wsgi, subdirectory, setup.py, wampserver, permalinks, pypi, apache2.4, lamp, apt, http-status-code-301, miniconda, http-redirect

centroid fifty: python, python-3.10, python-two.7, pandas, javascript
—–
python, python-3.ten, pandas, dataframe, python-2.seven, spider web-scraping, datetime, parsing, beautifulsoup, post, python-requests, scrapy, request, pygame, python-three.6, pandas-groupby, encoding, unicode, become, utf-viii, twitter, graphic symbol-encoding, header, python-3.7, spider web-crawler, python-imaging-library, pyinstaller, spyder, tags, consign-to-csv, typeerror, odoo-ten, openpyxl, jsoup, regex-group, python-3.v, ascii, serial, urllib, wxpython, lxml, turtle-graphics, xlsx, rvest, nan, argparse, python-ii.ten, mysql-python, datetime-format, kivy-language, emoji, importerror, screen-scraping, scrapy-spider, pyserial, html-parsing, python-xarray, flask-restful, tkinter-canvas, cheerio, frame, odoo-nine, cx-freeze, twisted, tk, python-datetime, python-unicode, decoding, httr, tkinter-entry, timedelta

centroid 16: python, unix, bash, sed, linux
—–
regex, linux, bash, crush, unix, perl, awk, sed, text, replace, dissever, cron, command-line, grep, scripting, sh, observe, substring, filesystems, notepad++, fork, posix, scheduler, cgi, delimiter, text-processing, aix, cut, solaris

centroid 29: r, python, ggplot2, plot, matplotlib
—–
r, matplotlib, ggplot2, dplyr, shiny, jupyter-notebook, plot, graph, time-series, statistics, colors, plotly, julia, rstudio, graphics, seaborn, cypher, tidyverse, bokeh, data-visualization, bar-chart, label, networkx, histogram, ipython, purrr, tidyr, visualization, gremlin, gnuplot, influxdb, igraph, shinydashboard, fable, heatmap, octave, graph-theory, simulation, data-manipulation, correlation, raster, plotly-dash, statsmodels, data-cleaning, na, matlab-figure, mutate, scatter-plot, boxplot, multi-alphabetize, stringr, dashboard, forecasting, scale, lubridate, r-plotly, missing-data, graph-databases, arima, pie-nautical chart, graph-algorithm, jupyter-lab, axis, geopandas, shiny-server, distribution, breadth-first-search, sparklyr, bayesian, lag, sf, tibble, subplot, matplotlib-basemap, xts, contour, plyr, anova, axis-labels, shortest-path, shiny-reactivity, ggmap, dijkstra, figure, rlang, facet, ggplotly, zoo

centroid 49: reddish, ruby-on-rails, ruby-red-on-rails-5, javascript, activerecord
—–
blood-red-on-rail, postgresql, ruby, heroku, redis, ruby-on-rail-5, yii2, hash, activerecord, routes, shopify, reddish-on-rails-4, rspec, rubygems, devise, chef, cerise-on-rails-iii, bundle, rails-activestorage, associations, runway-activerecord, puppet, ruby-on-rails-5.2, metaprogramming, rspec-rails, activeadmin, bundler, coffeescript, shopify-app, sidekiq, carrierwave, rider, sinatra, uncomplicated-form, nokogiri, cloudinary, capistrano, puma, webpacker, mongoid, actioncable, erb, haml, rake, paperclip, factory-bot

centroid 41: sql, sql-server, mysql, database, postgresql
—–
sql, mysql, sql-server, database, tsql, appointment, mysqli, join, select, grouping-by, mariadb, sequelize.js, pdo, phpmyadmin, sql-server-2008, data.table, count, sql-server-2012, xampp, database-pattern, duplicates, view, sum, timestamp, pivot, foreign-keys, sql-update, mysql-workbench, timezone, tableau, insert, ssms, odbc, constraints, sql-server-2016, etl, subquery, max, syntax-error, left-bring together, case, database-connection, decimal, inner-bring together, prepared-argument, full-text-search, database-migration, sql-lodge-past, query-optimization, sql-server-2008-r2, sql-server-2017, sql-insert, union, fill-in, aggregate-functions, where, partitioning, common-table-expression, distinct, query-functioning, concat, oledb, innodb, replication, window-functions, sql-injection, mdx, master-key, greatest-due north-per-group, where-clause, database-performance, sql-delete, information-warehouse, rdbms, sql-similar, database-administration, ddl, entity-human relationship, bulkinsert, ssis-2012, calculated-columns, resultset, derby, database-schema, sql-server-2005, create-tabular array, database-normalization, temp-tables

centroid 14: swift, ios, xcode, objective-c, android
—–
ios, swift, xcode, objective-c, uitableview, swift4, iphone, uicollectionview, facebook-graph-api, realm, bluetooth-lowenergy, twilio, cadre-information, cocoa, admob, cocoapods, alamofire, arkit, swift3, crash, uiview, tableview, localization, keyboard, autolayout, sprite-kit, frameworks, uiviewcontroller, augmented-reality, uikit, wkwebview, scenekit, accessibility, closures, in-app-purchase, instagram, xcode10, uinavigationcontroller, avfoundation, uibutton, apple-push-notifications, uiscrollview, uitextfield, delegates, crashlytics, app-store, uicollectionviewcell, ios11, protocols, macos-mojave, ios12, xcode9, storyboard, uinavigationbar, qr-code, uilabel, uiimageview, uitabbarcontroller, ipad, optional, decode, uiimage, prison cell, metal, segue, mapkit, deep-linking, swift4.2, parse-platform, codable, spotify, uitextview, avplayer, itunesconnect, facebook-login, gradient, touch, audiokit, cocoa-touch, textfield, avails, ios-simulator, uistackview, uisearchbar, uiwebview, grand-fundamental-dispatch, firebase-dynamic-links, watchkit, voip, nslayoutconstraint, fastlane, uiimagepickercontroller, iphone-10, nsattributedstring, interface-builder, viewcontroller, uipickerview, nsuserdefaults, core-bluetooth, decodable, xctest, extension-methods, apple tree-watch, nsurlsession, core-location, code-signing, navigationbar, uialertcontroller, orientation, uigesturerecognizer, objectmapper, swift-playground, keychain, core-graphics, xib, uisearchcontroller, lldb, swift-protocols, avaudioplayer, tvos, cloudkit, shadow, appdelegate, contacts, statusbar, swift4.i, testflight, mkmapview, ios-autolayout, uibezierpath, gesture, uipageviewcontroller, wellness-kit, uitabbar, cllocationmanager, calayer, xcuitest, provisioning-profile, icloud, uicollectionviewlayout, geofire, uistoryboard, metalkit, pdfkit, plist, uiviewanimation, swifty-json, collectionview, uibarbuttonitem, ipa, xcode-ui-testing

centroid 32: symfony, php, symfony4, javascript, mysql
—–
forms, symfony, symfony4, composer-php, twig, doctrine, annotations, doctrine-orm, phpunit, symfony-3.iv, translation, autowired, symfony-forms, sonata-admin, api-platform.com, fosuserbundle, swiftmailer, data-annotations, sonata

centroid 27: testing, java, javascript, unit-testing, automated-tests
—–
angularjs, unit of measurement-testing, testing, groovy, junit, jmeter, protractor, mockito, automatic-tests, jasmine, mocking, cucumber, appium, pytest, testng, robotframework, integration-testing, cypress, performance-testing, android-espresso, code-coverage, e2e-testing, junit5, chai, python-unittest, junit4, sinon, karma-runner, ui-automation, load, appium-android, nightwatch.js, load-testing, tdd, katalon-studio, testcafe, jest, bdd, spock, powermockito, powermock, codeception, jmeter-plugins, rpa, qa, cucumberjs, jmeter-four.0, angular-test, robolectric

Full lawmaking

The lawmaking I used to create and display the previous results: 

clusters = l percent = '01' one_hot_dimensions = 50  model = 'deleting.kmeans_tagsubtag_%s_big_a_%s_%south' % (clusters, percent,one_hot_dimensions) clusters_temp_table = 'deleting.clusters_%s_result_a_%s_%s' % (clusters, percent, one_hot_dimensions)  one_hot_p = client.query(""" SELECT STRING_AGG(   FORMAT("IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='%%s',1,aught)),0)10%%due south", tag2, REPLACE(REPLACE(Supercede(Replace(tag2,'-','_'),'.','D'),'#','H'),'+','P'))  ) one_hot FROM (   SELECT tag2, SUM(questions) questions    FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`   GROUP Past tag2   ORDER BY questions DESC   LIMIT %s )""" % one_hot_dimensions).to_dataframe().iloc[0]['one_hot']  client.query(""" CREATE OR Supplant MODEL `%s`  OPTIONS (      model_type='kmeans',     distance_type='COSINE',     num_clusters=%s ) As WITH tag_and_subtags AS (     SELECT tag1, %southward     FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`     WHERE percent>0.%s     GROUP BY tag1 ) SELECT * EXCEPT(tag1) FROM tag_and_subtags """ % (model, clusters, one_hot_p, pct)).to_dataframe()  df = client.query(""" CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE %southward AS WITH tag_and_subtags AS (     SELECT tag1, MAX(questions) questions, %south     FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`     WHERE percent>0.%s     GROUP BY tag1 )  SELECT centroid_id  , STRING_AGG(tag1, ', ' ORDER Past questions DESC) tags  , ARRAY_TO_STRING(ARRAY_AGG(IF(tag1 Like '%%google%%', tag1, zippo)  IGNORE nulls LIMIT 18), ', ') google_tags  , ARRAY_TO_STRING(ARRAY_AGG(IF(tag1 Similar '%%amazon%%' OR tag1 Like '%%aws%%', tag1, goose egg)  IGNORE nulls LIMIT 18), ', ') amazon_tags  , ARRAY_TO_STRING(ARRAY_AGG(IF(tag1 LIKE '%%azure%%', tag1, aught)  IGNORE nulls LIMIT 18), ', ') azure_tags  , COUNT(*) c FROM ML.PREDICT(MODEL `%s`    , (SELECT * FROM tag_and_subtags ) ) GROUP Past ane Social club BY c DESC """ % (clusters_temp_table, one_hot_p, per centum, model)).to_dataframe()  df = customer.query(""" SELECT centroid_id, c, yep, tags     , IFNULL(google_tags, '') google_tags     , IFNULL(amazon_tags, '') amazon_tags     , IFNULL(azure_tags, '') azure_tags FROM `%southward`  Bring together (   SELECT centroid_id     , STRING_AGG(REPLACE(REPLACE(Replace(Supervene upon(REPLACE(feature,'_','-'),'D','.'),'H','#'),'P','+'), '10', ''), ', ' Guild By numerical_value DESC  LIMIT v) yep   FROM ML.CENTROIDS(MODEL `%due south`   )   GROUP BY i )  USING(centroid_id) ORDER BY yep """ % (clusters_temp_table, model)).to_dataframe()  for index, row in df.iterrows():     impress('centroid %s: %due south\n-----' % (row['centroid_id'],  row['yeah']))     print(row['tags'])     impress()     if row['google_tags']:         print('google: %southward' % row['google_tags'])     if row['amazon_tags']:         impress('amazon: %s' % row['amazon_tags'])     if row['azure_tags']:         print('azure: %s' % row['azure_tags'])     print('\n')

Note that I joined my results withML.CENTROIDS() — which gives me the top differentiating occurring tags for each centroid — even if they are non function of each cluster.

And that'southward all it takes

Are you surprised by the results? Or surprised by how easy was to run our k-means modeling with BigQuery? Or curious for why I chosealtitude-type: 'COSINE' for this trouble? At present information technology'due south your turn to play :). Check the BigQuery docs for creating models and the k-means tutorial.

Lak's thoughts

How would you cull the best parameters? Check Lak Lakshmanan post for hyper-parameter tuning. Lak besides had some interesting ideas about dimensionality reduction for clustering via matrix factorization — but we'll leave that for a future post. As an untested preview: In one case yous accept the co-occurrence of tag1 and tag2, treat it as a recommendation problem, i.e. tag2 is what tag1 liked percent of the time. And so, you can do matrix factorization: 

CREATE OR REPLACE MODEL deleting.tag1_tag2
OPTIONS (                
                model_type='matrix_factorization',
                user_col='tag1', item_col='tag2', rating_col='percent10' )
As
SELECT tag1, tag2, percent*x Every bit percent10
FROM advdata.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence

From this matrix factorization, you volition take tag1_factors and tag2_factors which are substantially an embedding of the tags learned from the information. Concatenate these and cluster it instead … 

SELECT feature, factor_weights
FROM ML.WEIGHTS( MODEL deleting.tag1_tag2 )
WHERE processed_input = 'tag1' and feature LIKE '%google%'

Want more?

I'yard Felipe Hoffa, a Developer Advocate for Google Cloud. Tweet me @felipehoffa, my previous posts on medium.com/@hoffa, and all about BigQuery on reddit.com/r/bigquery – including predicting when will Stack Overflow reply. Tags: big data, BigQuery, message, google cloud, k-means clustering

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